Our mission: To preserve, promote, improve and strengthen public schools for both current and future generations of students.

National Center for Charter School Accountability

State Charter Laws: Analysis and Evaluation
(based on a 5 star rating)

Alabama

Has 17 charter schools. One charter with enrollment has closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: District decisions regarding charter schools can be overridden by at least one agency.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: A latecomer to charter schools, Alabama has few charter schools, and no cap on growth. The Commission can overrule decisions by the school district.
★★★★★
Accountability: Review and renewals exceed five years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: No teacher certification requirement, has multiple enrollment privilege categories.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allows disclosed related party transactions. Allow for-profits to run charter schools, but has none to date.

Alaska

There are 32 charter schools. 15 charter schools that enrolled students have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Only the school district has the power to authorize a charter school. However, if a charter application is denied by the district, the school can appeal and have the decision overturned. There are two levels of appeal. The decision to revoke a charter is made at the district level and it cannot be overridden.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no restrictions on the number of charter schools.
★★★★★
Accountability: The renewal period was increased from 5 years to 10 years. However, a local district can revoke a charter and that decision cannot be overriden.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers must be certified and are generally district employees. There are no enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Alaska does not allow for-profits to run its charter schools. However, it allows related-party transactions and CMO directors and employees to sit on the charter board.

Arizona

There are 566 open charter schools. 527 charter schools with enrollment have closed since 1998.

★★★★★
Community Input: Only the state board can authorize charter schools and make them their own local education agencies. Districts have no say.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no restrictions.
★★★★★
Accountability: The renewal period can be as long as 15 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Arizona does not require charter teachers to be certified; it allows teachers to hold only a high school diploma. There are multiple categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: More than one-third are run by a for-profit or are a for-profit themselves. Related-party transactions are allowed. Allows EMO owner to serve on the charter board or be a school employee.

Arkansas

There are 101 charter schools. 52 charter schools with enrollment either closed or gave up their charter and became district public schools.

★★★★★
Community Input: Only the politically-appointed state board can authorize charter schools and make them their own local education agencies.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charters can be renewed for a term up to 20 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers do not need to be certified. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Arkansas allows for-profits to manage schools, but there presently are none. The state also allows related party transactions and charter management organization members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

California

There are 1262 charter schools. 657 charter schools with enrollment closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Community input is nearly non-existent. When a school board denies a charter, there are two levels above it that can overturn the decision.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Allows renewals that exceed five years and provided automatic extensions based on score recovery from COVID.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Requires teachers to be certified, however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: California allows EMO/CMO owners or trustees to serve on a charter board or be an employee. The state phased out for-profit management. It allows related party transactions as long as they are disclosed.

Colorado

There are 269 charter schools. 74 charter schools with enrollment closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Although districts can authorize charters, rejected schools can appeal to the state board, which traditionally has overturned local decisions of denial. Unlike many other states, the members of the state board are elected.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Although charters can be renewed for more than five years, five years is the typical term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Requires teachers to be certified, however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allows for-profits to manage schools. Allows related party transactions and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Connecticut

There are 21 charter schools. 15 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Although there is not complete local control, charter schools require both state board and legislative approval.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: Although there is not full local control, charter schools require both state board and legislative approval. This has resulted in lower expansion rates.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Connecticut requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. Limited enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Connecticut does not allow for-profits to manage schools. It allows related party transactions, if disclosed, and charter management organization members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Delaware

There are 23 charter schools. 14 schools that had enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: A politically appointed state Board appoints the charter board that authorizes schools.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged. This has resulted in a high number of charter schools.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Requires teachers to be certified, however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Delaware allows for-profits to manage schools; however, at this time, there are none. It also allows related party transactions, if disclosed, and charter management organization members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

District of Columbia

There are 126 charter schools. 50 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Approval is placed out of the hands of the district and given to an independent, politically appointed board.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Schools automatically receive a 15-year renewable charter.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers do not need to be certified. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allows for-profits to manage schools. A charter management organization's members can sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school. Does not allow related-party transactions.

Florida

There are 723 charter schools. 682 charter schools with enrollment have closed.
★★★★★
Community Input: Florida has multiple authorizers including a state-wide politically appointed board.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charters can receive a 15-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Although teachers technically need certification, there are exceptions that make the requirement meaningless. Florida, under De Santis, has dramatically weakened its certification requirements across the board. Extensive enrollment privileges including workplace charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Related-party transactions are allowed but must be disclosed. Management company employees may not sit on the charter board or be employed by the schools. However, about half of all charters in the state are run by for-profit corporations. There are numerous instances in which Florida legislative members and their families have been involved in charter schools. Florida taxpayers can have little confidence that their interests are being protected in this state.

Georgia

There are 97 charter schools. 151 charter schools with enrollment closed. These include charter schools that relinquished their charter and became public schools.

★★★★★
Community Input: Charters must be approved by the local and state boards; however, the state board can also award a charter, bypassing the district. Multiple authorizers exist, opening the prospect of authorizer shopping.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Generally, a five-year term which can be extended to 10, but cannot exceed 10 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Georgia requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allows for-profits to manage schools. Allows related party transactions and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Hawaii

There are 37 charter schools. Two charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: A politically appointed state Board appoints the charter board that authorizes schools.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: A charter contract may be renewed for successive five-year terms of duration, although an authorizer may vary the terms based on performance, capacities, and circumstances.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Requires teachers to be certified, however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allows for-profits to manage schools; however, at this time, there are none. Allows related party transactions without disclosure and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Idaho

There are 76 charter schools. 16 schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Idaho has multiple authorizers and has approved a streamlined process that allows school replication with insufficient process and oversight.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged, resulting in a high number of charter schools. Chains are able to open multiple schools under one LEA.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter law now allows a 12-year renewal period.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Idaho requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allows for-profits to manage schools. Allows related party transactions, if disclosed, and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Illinois

There are 134 charter schools. 57 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Most Illinois charters are authorized by local Boards of Education. Now that the Chicago Board is an elected Board, there may be a more conservative view regarding the opening of charters. The State Board of Education can also authorize charter schools. That Board is politically appointed.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: Although there is a cap, it allows for considerable growth in the number of schools.
★★★★★
Accountability: Initial five-year term with renewals up to 10 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Illinois requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Employees of an Education Service Providers are prohibited from serving as voting members on the charter boards, and existing and potential conflicts of interest between the two entities must be disclosed. Allows for-profits to run schools, but none do.

Indiana

There are 119 charter schools. 55 charters schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Indiana allows public four-year universities, the Mayor of Indianapolis, a state charter board, and a nonprofit college or university governing board to authorize charters in addition to local school boards. Charters have ample opportunity to bypass local opinion and to authorizer shop.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: The maximum charter renewal was raised by the legislature from seven to 15 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Requires teachers to be certified, however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Employees of an Education Service Providers are prohibited from serving as voting members on the charter boards, and existing and potential conflicts of interest between the two entities must be disclosed. Allows for-profits to run schools.

Iowa

There are 4 charter schools. 10 charter schools with enrollment have closed or become a public school.

★★★★★
Community Input: Charters are authorized by a politically appointed State Board of Education or local districts.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged. At this time, there is a relatively low number of charter schools.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Requires teachers to be certified. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allows for-profits to manage schools, however at this time there are none. Allows related party transactions without disclosure and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Kansas

There are 9 charter schools. 57 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Charter schools exist as initially envisioned - they belong to the school district and are locally controlled.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: While there is no cap, growth is naturally controlled by local control.
★★★★★
Accountability: Renewals are under the authority of the public school district.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers must be certified. There is no enrollment privilege. Demographics should reflect the demographics of the district.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Kansas is silent on issues of related party transactions and for-profits. While this is not an issue at present, it should be addressed by the legislature.

Kentucky

There are no charter schools in Kentucky.

★★★★★
Community Input: At this time, no charters are permitted to be funded.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: At this time, no charters are permitted to be funded.
★★★★★
Accountability: At this time, no charters are permitted to be funded.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: At this time, no charters are permitted to be funded.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: At this time, no charters are permitted to be funded.

Louisiana

There are 133 charter schools in Louisiana. 88 schools with enrollment have closed. The number of closed schools is an undercount because schools shut down and then reopen with the same name but different operators in the same site or close by in New Orleans, the center of charter churn. We did not include these schools in our count.

★★★★★
Community Input: Charter schools are authorized by local school boards and the state board (BESE), which has a majority of elected members. However, New Orleans lost true local control after Hurricane Katrina, becoming an all-charter district. In addition, BESE elections have seen large cash donations from out-of-state billionaires, including the Waltons, Bloomberg, and Reed Hastings, all promoting charter schools. Local control is being slowly restored to New Orleans.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged. This has resulted in a high number of charter schools. All of the schools in New Orleans that are not private schools are charter schools.
★★★★★
Accountability: After an initial term of four years, charters can be renewed for up to 10 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers do not need to be certified. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allows for-profits to manage schools. Allows related party transactions, if disclosed.

Maine

There are 13 charter schools. One with enrollment has closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Local school boards or a group of school boards can approve a charter school. In addition, the charter commission can approve a charter school, however, it is limited to 10 approved schools.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: The Commission's limit of 10 charter schools, along with the cap of enrollment in the online charters, has been effective in limiting the number of schools not wanted by communities.
★★★★★
Accountability: An initial term of five years; however, following that, charters can be renewed for up to 15 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Requires teachers to be certified, however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allow for-profits to manage schools, but only two online schools with limited enrollment are run by for-profits. Allows for related party transactions if disclosed.

Maryland

There are 48 charter schools. 29 charter schools that had enrollment closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: While only districts can authorize charter schools, if an application is denied, the state Board of Education can overturn the denial. That Board is politically appointed.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chains are not allowed to open more than one school on one application or charter.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charters have an initial term of five years; however, following that, charters can be renewed for up to eight years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Maryland requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Maryland does not allow for-profits to run its charter schools. However, it allows related-party transactions and CMO directors and employees to sit on the charter board.

Massachusetts

There are 76 charter schools. 31 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Charters can be authorized by the district (Horace Mann school) or by the State Board of Education whose members are politically appointed.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There is a hard cap of 120 charter schools.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: No students beyond siblings and district residents have enrollment privileges. Charter schools must fill seats when a student leaves. Teachers must be certified but there are exceptions.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allow for-profits to manage schools, but only a few exist. Allows related party transactions if disclosed.

Michigan

There are 378 charter schools. 205 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Michigan has multiple authorizers including cash strapped colleges who receive fees for authorizing charters schools. This has resulted in no local control and a majority of schools being run by for-profits.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged. This has resulted in a high number of charter schools.
★★★★★
Accountability: Although the typical renewal is five years, Michigan law does not dictate the renewal contract length, so authorizers can grant renewal contract term length.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Requires teachers to be certified, however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: The vast majority of charter schools in the state are run by a for-profit corporation. Related-party transactions are allowed and do not require disclosure.

Minnesota

Has 273 charter schools. 109 charter schools that had enrollment closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Minnesota has multiple authorizers, including nonprofits, formed solely for the purpose of authorizing. At the same time, charter boards are elected boards composed of parents and teachers, making them more accountable and giving at least internal democratic control.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Minnesota requires teachers to be certified. The state allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Allows for-profits to manage schools, but only a few exist. It allows related party transactions if disclosed.

Mississippi

There are 8 charter schools. One school with enrollment has closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: The Mississippi Charter School Authorizer Board authorizes charters. All members are politically appointed.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: The Board is limited to 15 approvals each year, and all must be in districts rated D or F. At present, there are only eight schools in the state.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Mississippi requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Mississippi does not allow for-profits to run its charter schools. It allows related-party transactions but does not allow CMO directors and employees to sit on the charter board.

Missouri

Has 81 charter schools. 48 charter schools that had enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Multiple groups are permitted to sponsor charters in Missouri, including mayoral sponsorship of a "workplace" charter.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no restrictive caps on the number of schools. However, there are geographical limitations.
★★★★★
Accountability: Although the typical renewal is five years, Missouri law does not dictate the renewal contract length, with some charters granted longer renewals.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Missouri requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Missouri allows for-profits to manage schools; however, at this time, there are none. It allows related party transactions without disclosure.

Montana

Montana recently passed a charter school law. It did not have charter schools during the 2022-23 school year.

★★★★★
Community Input: The Board of the charter school is an elected board. Approval is granted by the state board.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: No restrictive caps.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Montana requires teachers to be certified. The state allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: The law is silent on related party transactions, thus allowing them to occur. Montana allows profit management and the employment of board members by companies that service the charter school.

Nebraska

Has no charter schools.
★★★★★
Community Input: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Accountability: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: There are no charters.

Nevada

Has 101 charter schools. 35 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Community input is nearly non-existent. When a school board denies a charter, there are two levels above it that can overturn the decision.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Initial five-year term with renewals up to 10 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers do not need to be certified. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Nevada allows for-profits to manage schools. It also allows related party transactions, if disclosed, and charter management organization members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

New Hampshire

There are 37 open charter schools. 14 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Approved by the politically appointed State Board of Education.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: No restrictive caps.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers do not need to be certified. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: New Hampshire allows for-profits to manage schools, related party transactions, if disclosed, and charter management organization members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

New Jersey

There are 84 charter schools in New Jersey. 59 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Approved by the politically appointed State Board of Education.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: No restrictive caps.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: New Jersey requires teachers to be certified and has no objectionable enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: New Jersey allows for-profits to manage schools because the law is silent. It also allows related party transactions and charter management organization members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

New Mexico

There are 98 charter schools. 34 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: School districts and a commission whose members are elected can authorize charter schools in New Mexico.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: No more than 15 new charters can be authorized each year.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: New Mexico requires teachers to be certified. It allows enrollment privileges for employees' children but not for board members, founders, etc.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: New Mexico allows for profits to run schools, although there are few. It allows related party transactions.

New York

There are 342 charter schools. 58 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Charters are approved by two politically appointed boards--the State Board of Education and the SUNY Charter Schools Committee. There is no local say or control.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There is a cap, but room for growth outside NYC exists. In addition, the legislature approved the expansion of charters in NYC, by allowing charters from schools never opened or closed to now be used.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: The state requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: New York does not allow for-profits to run schools anymore, except for schools grandfathered in before the law changed. Related-party transactions are not allowed. However, New York allows EMO/CMO owners or trustees to serve on its charter board or be employees.

North Carolina

There are 206 charter schools. 59 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: The Charter School Review Board (CSRB), a politically appointed board, has the sole authority to approve charter schools.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Ten-year charter renewal for most schools.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: North Carolina requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: The state allows for-profits to manage schools. It also allows related party transactions, if disclosed, and charter management organization members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

North Dakota

North Dakota does not have charter schools.

★★★★★
Community Input: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Accountability: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: There are no charters.

Ohio

There are 333 charter schools in Ohio. 306 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: The state has multiple authorizers, including cash-strapped colleges and nonprofits that receive fees for authorizing charter schools. This has resulted in no local control and half of all schools being run by for-profits.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: After an initial term of five years, Ohio charters can be renewed for up to 10 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Ohio requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Ohio allows for-profits to manage schools--about 50% of all charters in the state are run by for-profits, encouraged by multiple authorizers. Ohio allows related party transactions if disclosed, and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Oklahoma

There are 62 charter schools. 30 charter schools have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: There are multiple groups permitted to sponsor charters beyond school districts.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are caps that have no impact on charter growth.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers do not need to be certified. Oklahoma allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: The state allows for profits to run schools. It allows undisclosed related-party transactions.

Oregon

There are 129 charter schools. 41 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Local districts and the State Board can authorize charter schools. The State Board can overturn the decision of a district to reject a charter school, thus overruling local control.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are caps that have no impact on charter growth.
★★★★★
Accountability: After an initial term of five years, the charter may be renewed for an additional five years. Following that, charters may receive up to a 10-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Oregon requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. There are no enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Oregon allows for-profits to manage schools. It allows related party transactions and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Pennsylvania

There are 177 charter schools. 54 charter schools have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Local districts and the State Board can authorize charter schools. The State Board can overturn the decision of a district to reject a charter school, thus overruling local control.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: No restrictive caps.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: The state requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Pennsylvania allows for-profits to manage schools. It also allows related party transactions and charter management organization members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Rhode Island

There are 41 charter schools. No charter schools have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Districts, the mayor, and universities propose and authorize charters, but the approval process is delegated to political appointees, The Rhode Island Council on Elementary and Secondary Education.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: Charters in Rhode Island are capped at 35, however, there are presently 41 charter schools.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Rhode Island requires teachers to be certified. It allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Rhode Island does not allow for-profits to run its charter schools. However, it allows related-party transactions and CMO directors and employees to sit on the charter board.

South Carolina

Has 85 charter schools. 45 charter schools that enrolled students have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: South Carolina allows multiple authorizers, including cash-strapped private colleges. Instances of one authorizer refusing to renew a charter and another one picking it up are not uncommon.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are caps that have no impact on charter growth.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter renewal is mandated to be for 10 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: South Carolina requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: South Carolina allows for-profits to manage schools. It allows related party transactions and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

South Dakota

Has no charter schools.

★★★★★
Community Input: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Accountability: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: There are no charters.

Tennessee

Has 114 charter schools. 52 charter schools that enrolled students have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Local districts and the State Board can authorize charter schools. The State Public Charter School Commission can overturn the decision of a district to reject a charter school, thus overruling local control.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are caps that have no impact on charter growth.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter renewal is mandated to be for ten years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Tennessee state requires teachers to be certified. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Tennessee does not allow for-profits to run its charter schools. However, it allows related-party transactions and CMO directors and employees to sit on the charter board.

Texas

Has 1030 charter schools. 455 charter schools that enrolled students have closed.  Closed schools include district charters that became district public schools.

★★★★★
Community Input: Local districts can grant and authorize charters. The Texas State Board of Education, with elected members, approves or rejects charter applications for non-district charters. The Commissioner then has the power to allow "campuses" of the charter school to open, resulting in the spread of charter chains.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: Caps on certain charter authorizers has no impact on charter growth. Charter chain growth is encouraged. This has resulted in a high number of charter schools.
★★★★★
Accountability: After an initial term of five years, Texas charters can be renewed for up to 10 years.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Texas state requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Texas allows for-profits to manage schools. It allows related party transactions if disclosed, and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Utah

Has 140 charter schools. 14 charter schools with enrollment have closed. Utah has the most lax accountability standard in its charter law in the nation.

★★★★★
Community Input: The politically appointed Utah State Charter Board, local school boards, and some colleges and universities can authorize charter schools in Utah.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: In Utah, the budget bill provides the total authorized enrollment in charter schools. The difference between authorized enrollment and the actual enrollment makes the cap meaningless. The growth of charter chains is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Utah has the most lax accountabilitiy standard in the country. Schools receive evergreen renewals - that is, they never expire unless they are revoked.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Utah requires teachers to be certified; however, there are extensive exceptions. The state also allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Utah allows for-profits to manage schools. It allows related party transactions if disclosed, and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Vermont

Has no charter schools.
★★★★★
Community Input: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Accountability: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: There are no charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: There are no charters.

Virginia

Has 7 charter schools. 7 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Charter schools can only be authorized by districts and are therefore under democratic control.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: While there is no cap, growth is naturally controlled by local control.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers must be certified. There is no enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Virginia allows for-profits to manage schools. It allows related party transactions if disclosed, and charter management organization's members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Washington

Has 16 charter schools. 6 charter schools with enrollment have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: The Washington State Charter Commission is the only authorizer of charter schools. All but one member (the Superintendent of Public Instruction) is politically appointed. Districts must get their permission to start a charter school.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There is a strong cap on charter growth.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers must be certified; however, exceptions are allowed. There are groups with enrollment privileges beyond siblings and economic disadvantages, but only a few.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Washington does not allow for-profits to run its charter schools. However, it allows related-party transactions if disclosed and CMO directors and employees to sit on the charter board.

West Virginia

Has 4 charter schools. All have recently opened and none have closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Although charters were under local control when the law was first passed, it was quickly amended and now county school boards and the Professional Charter School Board are the authorizers. Board members are politically appointed.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: The West Virginia pilot program allows for the approval of 10 charter schools every three years and limits online charters to two.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Teachers do not need to be certified. Allows several categories of enrollment privilege.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: West Virginia allows for-profits to manage schools. It allows related party transactions, if disclosed.Charter management organization's members cannot sit on the charter school's board nor be employed by the school.

Wisconsin

Has 239 charter schools, including district-run charter schools. 287 charter schools that had enrollment have closed, including district charter schools that changed to public schools.

★★★★★
Community Input: Although the majority of charter schools are part of districts and under district control, there are growing numbers of independent charter schools authorized by selected colleges and other organizations. This leads to authorizer shopping, with rejected charters appealing to another agency for authorization.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: There are no caps. Charter chain growth is encouraged.
★★★★★
Accountability: Charter schools can be renewed for no more than a five-year term.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Wisconsin requires teachers to be certified, however, there are extensive exceptions. Allows several categories of enrollment privileges.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Wisconsin allows for-profits to manage schools. It allows related party transactions and charter management organizations' members to sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.

Wyoming

Has 5 charter schools. One charter school that enrolled students has closed.

★★★★★
Community Input: Previously, only districts could authorize charter schools. In 2023, the legislature created the Wyoming Charter School Authorizing Board, whose members are politically appointed.
★★★★★
Controlled Growth: No restrictive caps. There is some enabling of the growth of chains.
★★★★★
Accountability: After the initial five year term, there are no restrictions on term length.
★★★★★
Protections for Students: Wyoming requires teachers to be certified. It does not allow enrollment privileges beyond siblings, prior enrollees, and district residents in the case of district charters.
★★★★★
Protections for Taxpayers: Wyoming allows for-profits to manage schools. It allows disclosed related party transactions. Charter management organizations' members may not sit on the charter school's board or be employed by the school.